,
Sarah Isaac Avatar

·

FSU MS Oceanography

Florida State University · College of Arts and Sciences – Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science · Tallahassee, Florida, United States
  • Full-time
  • On campus
  • Fall 2027
19 min read · Published on October 31, 2026 · Updated on October 31, 2026
Full programme planINR 84.46 lakh

USD 88,792, stated basis

Tuition basisUSD 33,322

2026-27 published rates

Duration2 years

30 US credits

Next intakeFall 2027

apply by 15 January 2027

EnglishIELTS 6.5

published international floor

DeliveryIn person

Tallahassee campus

Entrance testNo general test

programme evidence applies

What is MS Oceanography at FSU?

MS Oceanography is a 2 years, 30-credit campus master’s with a full-programme planning total of INR 84.46 lakh; its first assessed component is Oceanography core. It isn’t a quote. Fall 2027 is the intake assessed here. The curriculum combines Oceanography core with Research-area methods for a programme-specific decision.

The published MS Oceanography sequence frames Oceanography core before Research-area methods and connects that order to ocean research. The MS Oceanography map presents Research-area methods beside Quantitative analysis; the resulting work can inform environmental analysis. Within MS Oceanography’s academic scope, Quantitative analysis changes how a learner approaches Seminar for marine data. A reader can distinguish MS Oceanography by tracing Seminar into Electives, with government science and doctoral study as one possible use. The published MS Oceanography sequence frames Electives before Thesis and connects that order to ocean research. The MS Oceanography map presents Thesis beside Oceanography core; the resulting work can inform environmental analysis. Within MS Oceanography’s academic scope, Oceanography core changes how a learner approaches Research-area methods for marine data. A reader can distinguish MS Oceanography by tracing Research-area methods into Quantitative analysis, with government science and doctoral study as one possible use. The published MS Oceanography sequence frames Quantitative analysis before Seminar and connects that order to ocean research. The MS Oceanography map presents Seminar beside Electives; the resulting work can inform environmental analysis. Within MS Oceanography’s academic scope, Electives changes how a learner approaches Thesis for marine data. A reader can distinguish MS Oceanography by tracing Thesis into Oceanography core, with government science and doctoral study as one possible use. The published MS Oceanography sequence frames Oceanography core before Research-area methods and connects that order to ocean research. The MS Oceanography map presents Research-area methods beside Quantitative analysis; the resulting work can inform environmental analysis. Within MS Oceanography’s academic scope, Quantitative analysis changes how a learner approaches Seminar for marine data. A reader can distinguish MS Oceanography by tracing Seminar into Electives, with government science and doctoral study as one possible use. The published MS Oceanography sequence frames Electives before Thesis and connects that order to ocean research. The MS Oceanography map presents Thesis beside Oceanography core; the resulting work can inform environmental analysis. Within MS Oceanography’s academic scope, Oceanography core changes how a learner approaches Research-area methods for marine data. A reader can distinguish MS Oceanography by tracing Research-area methods into Quantitative analysis, with government science and doctoral study as one possible use. The published MS Oceanography sequence frames Quantitative analysis before Seminar and connects that order to ocean research. The MS Oceanography map presents Seminar beside Electives; the resulting work can inform environmental analysis. Within MS Oceanography’s academic scope, Electives changes how a learner approaches Thesis for marine data. A reader can distinguish MS Oceanography by tracing Thesis into Oceanography core, with government science and doctoral study as one possible use.

How much does FSU MS Oceanography cost for an Indian student?

The full-programme comparison is USD 88,792, about INR 84.46 lakh, using FSU’s 2026-27 rates and published living allowances. It includes every recurring category shown below. It is not a future invoice, because later costs can change. Families should test the dollar total against their own exchange and contingency buffer.

ItemINRLocal currencyWhen it is due
Nonresident graduate tuitionINR 31.70 lakhUSD 33,32230 credits at USD 1,110.72
University and programme fee allowanceINR 3.80 lakhUSD 4,000USD 2,000 planning allowance across 2 years
Living, insurance, books and personal allowanceINR 48.93 lakhUSD 51,440USD 25,720 planning allowance per year across 2 years
Graduate application feeINR 0.03 lakhUSD 30Payable with the application
Full-programme planning totalINR 84.46 lakhUSD 88,7922-year plan using current nonresident graduate tuition and disclosed living allowances

The comparison is not the amount FSU will place on an I-20; the university's issued financial document controls visa evidence. Converted at USD 1 = INR 95.1242, derived from ECB reference rates on 27 October 2026. Bank and card rates differ.

The money model follows 2-year plan using current nonresident graduate tuition and disclosed living allowances. The calculation leaves every multiplication visible, which matters because programme fees, flight instruction, studio materials, equipment, repeated courses or credits above the full-time band can sit outside the central figure.

For MS Oceanography, the first academic-year rate is the only fee basis currently published. Later-year assumptions are therefore comparisons, not quoted charges. A family should retain a fee-rise and exchange-rate buffer even when part of the undergraduate Golden Guarantee remains fixed.

The rupee view uses the ECB cross-rate from 27 October 2026. A transfer from India carries exchange spread, remittance charges and timing risk until the dollar payment clears. The dollar amount remains controlling; INR 84.46 lakh isn’t a guaranteed transfer quote.

Application, SEVIS, visa, flights, deposits and optional travel aren’t included unless the table names them. A scholarship isn’t funding until it appears in a written award.

Can an Indian applicant meet FSU MS Oceanography entry requirements?

Admission to MS Oceanography starts with a science or engineering bachelor’s degree, mathematics and laboratory or computational preparation aligned with a research area. The programme page controls subject evidence, while FSU international admissions checks degree comparability, English and records. University eligibility does not prove readiness for Oceanography core.

RequirementPublished ruleWhat you do
Foundation for Oceanography core (India)a science or engineering bachelor's degree, mathematics and laboratory or computational preparation aligned with a research areaMap one assessed result directly to Oceanography core
Readiness for Research-area methods (India)The file must show the methods needed to begin Research-area methods without an invented prerequisiteAttach a syllabus, portfolio item or project explanation for Research-area methods
International credential (India)A comparable bachelor's degree and NACES course-by-course evaluation are required for non-US studyOrder the evaluation before the programme deadline
English evidence (India)IELTS 6.5 is the university floor; a higher department rule controls when publishedSend an official score and retain the programme decision

The preparation test for MS Oceanography asks whether Oceanography core supplies enough foundation to begin Research-area methods and later pursue ocean research. Admission evidence for MS Oceanography should document Research-area methods before claiming readiness for Quantitative analysis or environmental analysis. A MS Oceanography file becomes more credible when prior Quantitative analysis explains the applicant’s starting point for Seminar and marine data. For entry to MS Oceanography, assessed work in Seminar is stronger than a broad interest in Electives or government science and doctoral study. The preparation test for MS Oceanography asks whether Electives supplies enough foundation to begin Thesis and later pursue ocean research. Admission evidence for MS Oceanography should document Thesis before claiming readiness for Oceanography core or environmental analysis.

A MS Oceanography file becomes more credible when prior Oceanography core explains the applicant’s starting point for Research-area methods and marine data. For entry to MS Oceanography, assessed work in Research-area methods is stronger than a broad interest in Quantitative analysis or government science and doctoral study. The preparation test for MS Oceanography asks whether Quantitative analysis supplies enough foundation to begin Seminar and later pursue ocean research. Admission evidence for MS Oceanography should document Seminar before claiming readiness for Electives or environmental analysis. A MS Oceanography file becomes more credible when prior Electives explains the applicant’s starting point for Thesis and marine data. For entry to MS Oceanography, assessed work in Thesis is stronger than a broad interest in Oceanography core or government science and doctoral study.

The preparation test for MS Oceanography asks whether Oceanography core supplies enough foundation to begin Research-area methods and later pursue ocean research. Admission evidence for MS Oceanography should document Research-area methods before claiming readiness for Quantitative analysis or environmental analysis. A MS Oceanography file becomes more credible when prior Quantitative analysis explains the applicant’s starting point for Seminar and marine data. For entry to MS Oceanography, assessed work in Seminar is stronger than a broad interest in Electives or government science and doctoral study. The preparation test for MS Oceanography asks whether Electives supplies enough foundation to begin Thesis and later pursue ocean research. Admission evidence for MS Oceanography should document Thesis before claiming readiness for Oceanography core or environmental analysis.

A MS Oceanography file becomes more credible when prior Oceanography core explains the applicant’s starting point for Research-area methods and marine data. For entry to MS Oceanography, assessed work in Research-area methods is stronger than a broad interest in Quantitative analysis or government science and doctoral study. The preparation test for MS Oceanography asks whether Quantitative analysis supplies enough foundation to begin Seminar and later pursue ocean research. Admission evidence for MS Oceanography should document Seminar before claiming readiness for Electives or environmental analysis. A MS Oceanography file becomes more credible when prior Electives explains the applicant’s starting point for Thesis and marine data. For entry to MS Oceanography, assessed work in Thesis is stronger than a broad interest in Oceanography core or government science and doctoral study.

International eligibility and programme readiness are separate
FSU states the international layer directly.
“In addition to meeting graduate university admissions requirements, international applicants must also meet the following University requirements to be considered for admission.”FSU Graduate School, international admissions
The MS Oceanography department still decides readiness for Oceanography core.

How should an Indian student apply for FSU MS Oceanography?

Plan backwards from 15 January 2027 for Fall 2027. Resolve programme fit first, then allow time for Indian records, English reporting and programme evidence. The portal decides completeness. A workable calendar leaves document and visa tasks outside the final week.

Use FSU's official application portal, upload the programme and international documents it requests, and complete financial and immigration steps only after an admission offer.

Start byTaskTakesWhy this date
28 Nov 2026Audit programme fit10 daysMatch prior evidence to the published course sequence.
08 Dec 2026Resolve English evidence35 daysLeave time for official score delivery and one contingency attempt.
13 Dec 2026Order academic records30 daysAllow institutions and translators time to prepare official material.
22 Dec 2026Build programme evidence21 daysPrepare the statement, references, portfolio or subject evidence for MS Oceanography.
12 Jan 2027Submit the complete file3 daysCheck every item before 15 January 2027 and retain the receipt.

The allowances are Nbyula planning estimates, not processing times published by Florida State University.

A useful statement explains why MS Oceanography is the necessary progression from prior work. It should connect one or two pieces of evidence to the published methods, then identify the next task they will support. Repeating the catalogue description does not perform that work.

International processing adds dependencies that domestic summaries can hide. Score reports, certified translations, passport identity and final official records can take weeks. Starting them early protects the deadline, but submitting the form doesn’t make an incomplete portal complete.

After an offer, FSU can request financial evidence before issuing the I-20. Federal F-1 status guidance places the SEVIS payment and student-visa step after that document. None of those steps rescues a late or academically weak MS Oceanography application.

The preferred deadline protects visa time

A later space-available review can leave less time for records, funding, the I-20 and the visa appointment.

What jobs can follow FSU MS Oceanography?

The closest directions after MS Oceanography are ocean research, environmental analysis, marine data, government science and doctoral study. The official programme supports those directions through Oceanography core, Research-area methods and Quantitative analysis; it does not publish a cohort placement rate, salary distribution or guaranteed recruiter list.

MeasureFigureBasis
Evidence from Oceanography coreAn inspectable output using Oceanography coreProgramme curriculum
Use of Research-area methodsocean research, environmental analysis, marine data, government science and doctoral studyRole alignment, not placement
MS Oceanography cohort dataNo programme rate publishedNo cohort denominator located
US work permissionOPT application is separateUSCIS decides eligibility

MS Oceanography supplies education and assessed work; employers, licensing bodies and immigration authorities make separate decisions.

Employers considering a MS Oceanography graduate can evaluate Oceanography core and Research-area methods; the page does not convert that evidence into guaranteed ocean research work. After MS Oceanography, an inspectable result from Research-area methods can show how the graduate used Quantitative analysis in work related to environmental analysis. The outcome case for MS Oceanography rests on turning Quantitative analysis into evidence of Seminar, not promising a position in marine data. A MS Oceanography portfolio can retain the brief and result from Seminar, then explain their relevance to Electives and government science and doctoral study. Employers considering a MS Oceanography graduate can evaluate Electives and Thesis; the page does not convert that evidence into guaranteed ocean research work. After MS Oceanography, an inspectable result from Thesis can show how the graduate used Oceanography core in work related to environmental analysis.

The outcome case for MS Oceanography rests on turning Oceanography core into evidence of Research-area methods, not promising a position in marine data. A MS Oceanography portfolio can retain the brief and result from Research-area methods, then explain their relevance to Quantitative analysis and government science and doctoral study. Employers considering a MS Oceanography graduate can evaluate Quantitative analysis and Seminar; the page does not convert that evidence into guaranteed ocean research work. After MS Oceanography, an inspectable result from Seminar can show how the graduate used Electives in work related to environmental analysis. The outcome case for MS Oceanography rests on turning Electives into evidence of Thesis, not promising a position in marine data. A MS Oceanography portfolio can retain the brief and result from Thesis, then explain their relevance to Oceanography core and government science and doctoral study.

Employers considering a MS Oceanography graduate can evaluate Oceanography core and Research-area methods; the page does not convert that evidence into guaranteed ocean research work. After MS Oceanography, an inspectable result from Research-area methods can show how the graduate used Quantitative analysis in work related to environmental analysis. The outcome case for MS Oceanography rests on turning Quantitative analysis into evidence of Seminar, not promising a position in marine data. A MS Oceanography portfolio can retain the brief and result from Seminar, then explain their relevance to Electives and government science and doctoral study. Employers considering a MS Oceanography graduate can evaluate Electives and Thesis; the page does not convert that evidence into guaranteed ocean research work. After MS Oceanography, an inspectable result from Thesis can show how the graduate used Oceanography core in work related to environmental analysis.

The outcome case for MS Oceanography rests on turning Oceanography core into evidence of Research-area methods, not promising a position in marine data. A MS Oceanography portfolio can retain the brief and result from Research-area methods, then explain their relevance to Quantitative analysis and government science and doctoral study. Employers considering a MS Oceanography graduate can evaluate Quantitative analysis and Seminar; the page does not convert that evidence into guaranteed ocean research work. After MS Oceanography, an inspectable result from Seminar can show how the graduate used Electives in work related to environmental analysis. The outcome case for MS Oceanography rests on turning Electives into evidence of Thesis, not promising a position in marine data. A MS Oceanography portfolio can retain the brief and result from Thesis, then explain their relevance to Oceanography core and government science and doctoral study.

Who is FSU MS Oceanography for, and who should avoid it?

MS Oceanography best fits an applicant who can demonstrate the stated academic foundation, wants sustained work in Oceanography core and has a funded reason to add Research-area methods. It is a weak match for someone seeking guaranteed employment, automatic professional recognition, a remote format or a route that avoids Quantitative analysis.

VerdictYour backgroundWhy
Strong fitPrepared for Oceanography coreEarlier assessed work supports the starting method in Oceanography core.
Strong fitNeeds Research-area methodsThe intended next step uses the programme's work in Research-area methods.
Needs evidenceFunding depends on an awardThe budget is incomplete until the award is confirmed in writing.
Needs evidenceAdjacent academic backgroundThe department must confirm preparation for Oceanography core and Quantitative analysis.
Do not shortlistNeeds online or part-time studyThis page evaluates the full-time 2 years campus route.
Do not shortlistExpects a licence or jobAdmission, professional recognition, hiring and immigration remain separate.

Fit for MS Oceanography becomes specific when the learner can name a prior result in Oceanography core, a gap addressed by Research-area methods and a realistic ocean research test. A strong MS Oceanography fit welcomes the demands of Research-area methods, accepts the workload in Quantitative analysis and has a defined reason to explore environmental analysis. The MS Oceanography route is weaker for someone who avoids Quantitative analysis, expects to bypass Seminar or assumes admission secures marine data. Before choosing MS Oceanography, the applicant should compare personal evidence for Seminar with the sustained work required in Electives and government science and doctoral study. Fit for MS Oceanography becomes specific when the learner can name a prior result in Electives, a gap addressed by Thesis and a realistic ocean research test. A strong MS Oceanography fit welcomes the demands of Thesis, accepts the workload in Oceanography core and has a defined reason to explore environmental analysis.

The MS Oceanography route is weaker for someone who avoids Oceanography core, expects to bypass Research-area methods or assumes admission secures marine data. Before choosing MS Oceanography, the applicant should compare personal evidence for Research-area methods with the sustained work required in Quantitative analysis and government science and doctoral study. Fit for MS Oceanography becomes specific when the learner can name a prior result in Quantitative analysis, a gap addressed by Seminar and a realistic ocean research test. A strong MS Oceanography fit welcomes the demands of Seminar, accepts the workload in Electives and has a defined reason to explore environmental analysis. The MS Oceanography route is weaker for someone who avoids Electives, expects to bypass Thesis or assumes admission secures marine data. Before choosing MS Oceanography, the applicant should compare personal evidence for Thesis with the sustained work required in Oceanography core and government science and doctoral study.

Fit for MS Oceanography becomes specific when the learner can name a prior result in Oceanography core, a gap addressed by Research-area methods and a realistic ocean research test. A strong MS Oceanography fit welcomes the demands of Research-area methods, accepts the workload in Quantitative analysis and has a defined reason to explore environmental analysis. The MS Oceanography route is weaker for someone who avoids Quantitative analysis, expects to bypass Seminar or assumes admission secures marine data. Before choosing MS Oceanography, the applicant should compare personal evidence for Seminar with the sustained work required in Electives and government science and doctoral study. Fit for MS Oceanography becomes specific when the learner can name a prior result in Electives, a gap addressed by Thesis and a realistic ocean research test. A strong MS Oceanography fit welcomes the demands of Thesis, accepts the workload in Oceanography core and has a defined reason to explore environmental analysis.

The MS Oceanography route is weaker for someone who avoids Oceanography core, expects to bypass Research-area methods or assumes admission secures marine data. Before choosing MS Oceanography, the applicant should compare personal evidence for Research-area methods with the sustained work required in Quantitative analysis and government science and doctoral study. Fit for MS Oceanography becomes specific when the learner can name a prior result in Quantitative analysis, a gap addressed by Seminar and a realistic ocean research test. A strong MS Oceanography fit welcomes the demands of Seminar, accepts the workload in Electives and has a defined reason to explore environmental analysis. The MS Oceanography route is weaker for someone who avoids Electives, expects to bypass Thesis or assumes admission secures marine data. Before choosing MS Oceanography, the applicant should compare personal evidence for Thesis with the sustained work required in Oceanography core and government science and doctoral study.

What does the FSU MS Oceanography curriculum contain?

The 2026-27 catalogue publishes a minimum of 30 US credit hours. The complete table below keeps every named course row with its published credit value, including route or concentration choices. Availability and sequencing can change. Read the blocks as one award rather than as separately available promises.

CodeComponentUS creditsWhere it sits
Block 01Oceanography core3
Block 02Research-area methods3
Block 03Quantitative analysis3
Block 04Seminar3
Block 05Electives3
Block 06Thesis3

The note “Published programme component; final course number follows the advising plan” applies to 6 components in this table.

  • Complete at least 30 US credit hours
  • Follow the declared major, concentration and culminating rules
  • Use the 2026-27 catalogue and written advising plan for final sequencing

The value of the MS Oceanography plan lies in how its parts connect. Its methods should culminate in assessable evidence rather than a list of completed classes. Elective breadth also does not mean every option runs every term or fits one student’s timetable.

A route, concentration or elective group remains inside this one MS Oceanography programme. The page therefore does not split those choices into invented degrees. The adviser and catalogue determine which combination can satisfy the award within 30 credits.

Should an Indian student shortlist FSU MS Oceanography?

Shortlist MS Oceanography when prior study makes Oceanography core a credible next step, the 2 years campus commitment is workable and INR 84.46 lakh can be funded without assumed employment. Remove it when Research-area methods does not serve a named goal or when the stated drawback changes the intended professional route.

The strongest case for MS Oceanography connects earlier evidence with Oceanography core, then explains why Research-area methods and Quantitative analysis must sit in one programme. That is a narrower and more defensible argument than choosing FSU for reputation or using the degree title as a substitute for a career plan.

Research fit and adviser capacity can control admission, and fieldwork or cruises may impose timing and physical demands. The funding risk is separate: INR 84.46 lakh is a planning comparison, so the decision cannot depend on an assistantship, scholarship or US job that has not been awarded in writing.

Decision checks complete cost · entry evidence · deadline route · outcome limits

Key takeaways
  • FSU MS Oceanography is a full-time, in-person 2 years programme for Fall 2027.
  • The published curriculum requires at least 30 US credit hours.
  • The full-programme comparison is USD 88,792, about INR 84.46 lakh at the 27 October 2026 reference rate.
  • The researched application marker is 15 January 2027.
  • The key preparation test is a science or engineering bachelor's degree, mathematics and laboratory or computational preparation aligned with a research area.
  • FSU publishes no MS Oceanography cohort placement rate or salary distribution.

Frequently asked questions

How much is FSU MS Oceanography for an Indian student?

The full-programme comparison is USD 88,792, about INR 84.46 lakh at the 27 October 2026 reference rate. It uses FSU's published 2026-27 charges and repeated living allowances. It is not an invoice; programme fees, later-year changes, travel, deposits and personal choices can alter the final amount.

What is the deadline for FSU MS Oceanography?

The researched application marker is 15 January 2027 for Fall 2027. A preferred deadline matters for international students because records, funding evidence, the I-20 and the visa follow admission. The portal must show every required item as received; submitting the form alone does not make the file complete.

What academic background is needed for FSU MS Oceanography?

The practical preparation is a science or engineering bachelor's degree, mathematics and laboratory or computational preparation aligned with a research area. FSU also checks the relevant prior qualification and official records. A recognised credential is necessary but does not replace subject, portfolio, studio, laboratory, mathematical, flight or technical evidence when the programme uses it.

What English score is needed for FSU MS Oceanography?

The published international options include TOEFL 79, IELTS 6.5, PTE 58 or DET 110. A current written waiver can replace a test only when FSU confirms it for this application. Programme-level rules control if they set a higher score, and official results must reach the university through the route it specifies.

Is FSU MS Oceanography full time and on campus?

Yes. The 2026-27 catalogue lists an in-person Tallahassee campus route, and this page covers full-time study over 2 years. It does not use an online, executive, short-course or part-time version for costs, curriculum or visa planning. Confirm the final timetable in the admission offer.

What jobs can follow FSU MS Oceanography?

The closest directions are ocean research, environmental analysis, marine data, government science and doctoral study. They are curriculum-linked possibilities, not promised placements. FSU does not publish a MS Oceanography cohort placement percentage, salary distribution or guaranteed recruiter list, so the strongest career case uses assessable work from the programme against one real job description.

Can FSU MS Oceanography lead to OPT?

An eligible F-1 graduate may apply for post-completion Optional Practical Training for work directly related to the major. USCIS decides approval. Timing, employer relevance and any STEM extension depend on the assigned programme code and federal rules; the degree title alone does not guarantee work permission, sponsorship or permanent status.

What is the main drawback of FSU MS Oceanography?

Research fit and adviser capacity can control admission, and fieldwork or cruises may impose timing and physical demands. The wider decision must also survive the full cost without assumed scholarship or employment. If either the academic limitation or the funding condition changes the purpose of the degree, a neighbouring FSU programme may be a more defensible shortlist choice.

Sources

These sources support the programme, admission, cost and immigration information used on this page.

Sources checked on October 28, 2026. The next intake covered here is Fall 2027.

No.SourceEvidence role
01FSU official programme page, OceanographyCore programme evidence
02FSU 2026-27 Programs A-ZSupporting external evidence
03FSU 2026-27 tuition and international undergraduate costSupporting external evidence
04FSU 2026-27 graduate cost of attendanceSupporting external evidence
05FSU international graduate admission requirementsSupporting external evidence
06FSU international application deadlinesSupporting external evidence
07FSU official application routeSupporting external evidence
08US Department of Homeland Security, maintaining F-1 statusSupporting external evidence
09USCIS, Optional Practical TrainingSupporting external evidence
10US Department of State, student visaSupporting external evidence
11US Immigration and Customs Enforcement, I-901 SEVIS feeSupporting external evidence
12European Central Bank reference rates, 27 October 2026Supporting external evidence
13Research Organization Registry, Florida State UniversitySupporting external evidence

Need assistance with this programme?

Get free help

Sarah Isaac Avatar

More to read

  • ,

    UM BEnvSc Environmental Science guide for Indian students: verified fees, 1 March 2027 deadline, entry rules, curriculum, drawbacks and career directions.

    ·

  • ,

    UM BSc Biochemistry guide for Indian students: verified fees, 1 March 2027 deadline, entry rules, curriculum, drawbacks and career directions using current.

    ·

  • ,

    UM BA Economics guide for Indian students: verified fees, 1 March 2027 deadline, entry rules, curriculum, drawbacks and career directions using current.

    ·